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I got fed up with the way so many web sites (including some people's journal styles) insist on displaying eensy weensy text so I have to hit the "increase font size" button several times (while others insist on displaying text at a perfectly reasonable size, so that it would be HUGE if I just told the browser to magnify everything), and not being able to read the speech bubbles in comic strips in any browser except Opera (which magnifies images as well as text), so I hauled up the Much Larger monitor I'd planned to use elsewhere, and plugged it in at the bedroom Debian box.
As a side effect, the differences in the waveforms from the two microphones pointing at different parts of a recorder, from my little experiment a few days ago (LJ entry, IJ entry, GJ entry -- only the LJ copy has comments so far (as expected)) became a whole lot easier to see.
A few details on these screen captures are probably in order. This was a tenor recorder with one mic (cardioid dynamic) pointed at the window from above and another (hypercardioid dynamic) pointed at the foot from below. (As noted previously, I tried switching the two microphones, and the difference in placement had a greater effect than the difference between the mics themselves, though I'd prefer to gather the data using a matched pair.) The mics were fed into a budget PA mixer, panned hard left and hard right respectively, very approximately balanced in volume at the mixer, no EQ; and sent to the "line in" jack on the back of a PC running Audacity under Linux. After capture, the stereo track was split into separate mono tracks, and both mono tracks were normalized (if I understand right, that should have fixed the volume difference left over from my attempt to balance them at the mixer). What you're looking at in the screen captures below (or if you squint really hard at the thumbnails above) is the same slice of time from both channels, two cycles worth from the middle of one note, stretched vertically so that each track took up the whole window (minus the toolbar and time strip).
Breno pointed out that the phase shift is probably just the length of the recorder plus the distance to the mic, divided by the speed of sound. (I think the effect of a phase shift would still be present for a single mic halfway across the room, at least if the description I recall of the sound from the foot coming out in a very narrow cone is correct, because the direct signal bounced off the floor would have a longer path than the signal direct from the window ... right? Note to self: experiment with single distant mic in rooms with and without shag carpeting.) Note that there is some sort of overtone in the sound from the window, but the sound from the foot looks "dirtier" ... er, "ripplier"
If I post a stereo WAV file someplace, would enough of those of you who are interested a) be able to play it without difficulty, and b) be able to turn off one channel at a time to compare the two signals to each other and to the combined sound, without having to futz around trying to fiddle the speaker plug in back of your computer halfway out and such? Or should I do a bunch of cut-and-paste and make a file (WAV or MP3) that switches back and forth between the mics with a voiceover telling you what you're hearing when? [ETA: I did put up a simple stereo clip of a couple of scales with the mics panned as described above, for folks who can split it apart or turn off a channel at a time. See the comment about it.]
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http://www.dglenn.org/tmp/recorder-mics-short.wav
Also, listening to it on
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Interestingly enough, the waveforms in GoldWave (Version 5.20 is what I'm on) show the left mic (from above) to be a slightly louder signal than the right mic (at the foot). It's more noticeable on the full file than on the section of note. You can see the GoldWave waveform from approximately the same time code as you used here and the full length waveform here.
There is indeed a distinct hiss in the foot mic. It may be the mic, or it may be the "budget PA mixer" - this would not be the first time I've heard of something like that. (For instance - Queen's Gambit, good friends of mine, recorded part of their first CD in one location on one set of equipment, and in another location on a different set of equipment. You could tell which was which because of the PA mixers. One had a hiss in it. They re-recorded and re-released, offering their listeners an even swap of "Take Two" for the original. I kept "Take One", and they know I did, so that I can use it as a sample of "here's what *not* to do.)
Other than that, the only real comparison techniques I have are my ears. Neither mic (aside from the hiss) is objectionable, neither placement is bad. The "rippling" effect you got on your waveform in the foot may be the hiss. Phase-aligning may be good, I don't know. What Minstrosity did when we recorded is just had one mic per instrument/voice, except for the hammered dulcimer (which got a stereo pair), and all mics were approximately the same distance (which avoids any phase shift). Then you turn it into stereo in the mixdown, when you set the sound picture.
I really don't have much more than that.
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It turns out that Audacity does this, but I couldn't convince it to use the same vertical scaling for both plots, making it difficult to compose them together in GIMP. But there's an "export" button that generates a text file of values, and I've got GnuPlot, so ...
There were a bunch of options on the Audacity "analyze spectrum" dialogue that I'm really not sure I understand right, so I'm not sure what I got (pretty much the default) is the most useful version.)
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different properties from the "near field", for a variety of complicated and
interesting reasons. Played with PZM yet?
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PZM -- not yet, but when I started thinking about doing the far mic experiment, I did think I should haul out the Radio Shack flyswatter. Oh wait, make that two condenser mics I've got; I forgot that the PZM is a condenser.
(I should really get around to doing the balanced-output/phantom-power mod to my PZM one of these days.)
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still a condenser, but a magic kind that produces its own field.
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Yes, you have a time delay between the two mics due to the distance. But much "character" of the signal seen by the lower mic from the tiny echoes and reverberations inside the instrument.
Neither signal is truly what we think of as a recorders "voice", it's the combination. Hence, a mic placed several feet away and generally pointed at the recorder "mid-body" will capture a truer image of it's voice. And more of the room ambiance (sometimes a good thing, sometimes bad..).
As an aside, this is one of the fascinating differences in flutes such as recorders, tin whistles, etc. verses transverse flutes. A transverse flute generates almost zero sound energy out of the foot, resulting in quite a different mic placement for them...
By the by, I have a long list of suggested reading on the physics of musical instruments and their construction. I suppose I should post it somewhere someday...
Janice